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8051 C programs

8051 C Programs

Interfacings

Interrupt Structure

• ARM7 Processor hardware interrupt inputs: 2, (FIQ. IRQ)
• LPC2148 external interrupt inputs: 4 (available on 9 pins)
• Processor and on-chip user peripherals generate interrupts
• LPC2148 uses ARM PrimeCell (PL190) Vectored Interrupt Controller for managing interrupts.
• PL190 is interfaced to ARM core through the fast AHB bus

When interrupt occurs:

1. VIC identifies the source of interrupts
2. Passes requests on interrupt request pins as per the configuration
3. If more than one interrupt occurs at a time, VIC resolves priority

Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC)

• 32 interrupt request inputs, LPC2148 uses 22 of 32 interrupts
• Categorizes into Fast Interrupt Request, Vectored IRQ, Non Vectored IRQ interrupts
• Any of the 22 interrupts can be assigned to FIQ / VIRQ / NVIRQ
• FIQ: Generally, only one interrupt is assigned, VIC provides ISR address. If more than one is assigned to FIQ, VIC combines all, generates VICFIQ, provides only one ISR address for all FIQ (Non-Vectored FIQ) .
• VIRQ & NVIRQ
• VIC has 16 VIRQ slots, Slot-0 to Slot-15. Any IRQ configured interrupts can be assigned to any slot. Priorities are in the order of slot number.
• Interrupts configured as IRQ, not assigned any VIRQ slot, is assigned as NVIRQ
• VIRQ & NVIRQ interrupts are combined and VICIRQ is generated
• Programs can handle 1 FIQ, 16 VIRQ, 1 NVIRQ (total 18) interrupts

VIC Registers (only important listed)

1. VICIntSelect: High, Low bits select interrupts as FIQ, IRQ respectively
2. VICIntEnable: High bit enables FIQ or IRQ classified interrupts
3. VICIntEnClr: High bit disables FIQ or IRQ classified, enabled interrupts
4. VICSoftInt: Generates any interrupt by software. High bit generates corresponding interrupt
5. VICSoftIntClr: Clears a bit in Software Interrupt register
6. VICIRQStatus: A high bit indicates corresponding IRQ classified, enabled IRQ interrupt is active
7. VICFIQStatus: A high bit indicates corresponding FIQ classified, enabled IRQ interrupt is active
8. VICVectAddr: Holds ISR addr of active interrupt. Writing any value indicates End of Interrupt
9. VICVectAddr0 – VICVectAddr15: Hold ISR addresses for slots 0 to 15
10. VICVectCntl0 – VICVectCntl15: Control 16 IRQ slots, assigns sources to each slot. Bit [4:0] selects VIC channel, bit [5] select VIRQ / NVIRQ, high / low bit provides dedicated / default ISR addr.

Programming VIC registers

• VICIntSelect: Set / reset the bits for FIQ / IRQ classification
• VICVectCtrlx: Assign VIRQ slot ‘x’ to IRQ classified interrupt
• VICVectAddrx: Write ISR addr of VIRQ interrupt assigned to slot ‘x’
• VICIntEnable: Enable interrupts 

Programming VIC registers: Examples

1) Programming VICIntSelect register

VICIntSelect = 0x0000 0010; // enable VIC Timer-0 channel as VFIQ interrupt  (by default all interrupts are VIRQ enabled) //

2) Programming VICVectCntlx register 

VICVectCntl0=(0x01<<5)|0x04; // assign VIRQ Slot-0 to Timer-0, enable Slot-0  (bit[4:0] is channel no. bit[5] enables slot) //

3) Programming VICVectAddrx register

void Timer0ISR(void) __irq;      // declare prototype for ISR//unsigned long int T0vectaddr;    // declare variable to hold Timer-0 ISR address//T0vectaddr=(unsigned)Timer0ISR; // place ISR address in variable//VICVectAddr0 = T0vectaddr;      // write ISR address into Slot-0 VectAddr reg//

4) Programming VICIntEnable register

VICIntEnable = 0x00000010;    // enable Timer-0 interrupt//

Handling FIQ interrupts

• Branch instruction at 0x0000001C uses address of FIQ handler directly and goes to FIQ routine. This reduces interrupt latency. 
• If more than one interrupt are assigned as FIQ, the handler routine identifies the source of interrupt. This increases interrupt latency. 
• Executes codes respective of identified interrupts. 
• Clears flags set by peripherals in their interrupt registers o End of interrupt.

Handling IRQ interrupts

• On interrupt, processor executes branch instruction from interrupt vector table at 0x 00000018 and branches to IRQ handler routine 
• Reads VICVectAddr reg that holds address of highest priority pending VIRQ Slot-x interrupt. If no slot is assigned, it holds address of default vect address 
• Branches to handler routine. 
• Reads interrupt register of the peripheral, identifies actual source, executes codes respective of the interrupt. 
• Clears interrupt flags set by peripherals in their interrupt registers. 
• Writes a dummy word into VICVectAddr register to indicate EoI, to clear respective interrupt in VIC interrupt priority hardware. 
• Returns back to interrupted program, re-enables interrupts.

LED Interfacing with LPC2148

Schematic Diagram

Interfacing Description

Port Pin No.	LED
P0.15	D1
P0.16	D2
P0.17	D3
P0.18	D4
P0.19	D5
P0.20	D6
P0.21	D7
P0.22	D8

Program

#include<lpc21xx.h>
void delay(void);
int main (void)
{
IODIR0 = 0x007F8000; //configure P0.15 to P0.22 as an output pins
while (1)                            //Loop forever   
{     
IOSET0=0x007F8000; //turn LEDs ON by setting P0.15 to P0.22 as High   
delay();
IOCLR0=0x007F8000; //turn LEDs Off by setting P0.15 to P0.22 as Low
delay();   
}
}
void delay(void)
{
 unsigned int j;  
 for(j=0;j<1000000;j++);
}

LCD Interfacing with LPC2148

Introduction to LCD

The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several interface pins at once to control the display. The interface consists of the following pins:

LCD Pin Description

LCD pin no.	LCD pin name	LCD pin Description
1	Vss	Ground pin of the LCD module.
2	Vcc	Power to LCD module (+5V supply)
3	VEE	Contrast adjustment pin
4	RS	Register select pin RS=0 command register. RS=1 data register.
5	R/W	Read/Write modes R/W=1; Read mode R/W=1; Write mode
6	EN	This pin is meant for enabling the LCD module
7-14	DB0 to DB7	8 data pins
15	LED+	Anode of the back light LED
16	LED-	Cathode of the back light LED

The process of controlling the display involves putting the data that form the image of what you want to display into the data registers, then putting instructions in the instruction register. 

Mostly used commands or instructions for LCD
Sr.No.	Instruction	Hex
1	Function Set: 8-bit mode, 1 Line, 5x7 Dots matrix for each character display	0x30
2	Function Set: 8-bit mode, 2 Line, 5x7 Dots matrix for each character display	0x38
3	Function Set: 4-bit mode, 1 Line, 5x7 Dots matrix for each character display	0x20
4	Function Set: 4-bit mode, 2 Line, 5x7 Dots matrix for each character display	0x28
5	Clear display screen	0x01
6	Return Home	0x02
7	Decrement cursor(Shift to left)	0x04
8	Increment cursor(Shift to Right)	0x06
9	Display off Cursor off	0x08
10	Display on Cursor on	0x0E
11	Display on Cursor off	0x0C
12	Display on Cursor blinking	0x0F
13	Shift entire display left	0x18
14	Shift entire display right	0x1C
15	Move cursor left by one character	0x10
16	Move cursor right by one character	0x14
17	Clear Display (also clear DDRAM content)	0x01
18	Force cursor position on  first position of  first	0x80
19	Force cursor position on  first position of  second row	0xC0

Schematic Diagram

Interfacing Description

LPC2148 Port Pin No.	LCD Pins
P1.16	D0
P1.17	D1
P1.18	D2
P1.19	D3
P1.20	D4
P1.21	D5
P1.22	D6
P1.23	D7
P1.25	RS
P0.29	EN
P0.10	BC

Embedded C code for the Interfacing

#include<lpc21xx.h>
void lcdcmd(unsigned int cmd);
void lcddata(unsigned int data);
void delay(unsigned int itime);
int main()
{
  unsigned char array[]="WIKINOTE FOUNDATION";
  unsigned int i=0;
  PINSEL0=0X00000000;
  PINSEL1=0X00000000;
  PINSEL2=0X00000000;
  IODIR0=0X20000400;
  IODIR1=0X02FF0000;
  IOCLR0=0X00000400;
  lcdcmd(0x38);
  delay(100);
  lcdcmd(0x06);
  delay(100);
  lcdcmd(0x01);
  delay(100);
  lcdcmd(0x0e);
  delay(100);
  lcdcmd(0x80);
  delay(100);
 
  for(i=0;i<7;i++)
  {
    lcddata(array[i]);
    delay(1000);
   
  }
  lcdcmd(0xc0);
  delay(100);
  for(i=9;i<19;i++)
  {
   lcddata(array[i]);
    delay(1000);
  }
  return 0;
}
void delay(unsigned int itime)
{
  int i,j;
  for(i=0;i<itime;i++)
  for(j=0;j<200;j++);
}
void lcdcmd(unsigned int cmd )
{
 IOCLR1=0X00FF0000;
 cmd=cmd<<16;
 IOSET1=cmd;
 IOCLR1=0X02000000;
 IOSET0=0X20000000;
 delay(100);
 IOCLR0=0X20000000;
}
void lcddata(unsigned int data )
{
 IOCLR1=0X00FF0000;
 data=data<<16;
 IOSET1=data;
 IOCLR1=0X02000000;
 IOSET0=0X20000000;
 delay(100);
 IOCLR0=0X20000000;
}

Keypad Interfacing with LPC2148

Schematic Diagram

Interfacing Description

LPC2148 Port Pin No.	LCD Pins
P1.16	D0
P1.17	D1
P1.18	D2
P1.19	D3
P1.20	D4
P1.21	D5
P1.22	D6
P1.23	D7
P0.28	RS
P0.29	EN
P0.10	BC

LPC2148 Port Pin No.	Keyboard connection
P0.2,P0.3,P0.4,P0.5	Column Read Lines
P0.6,P0.7,P0.8,P0.9	Row Scan Lines

Embedded C program for the Interfacing

#include<lpc21xx.h>
void lcdcmd(unsigned int);
void lcddata(unsigned int);
void delay_lcd(void);
int main(void)
{
   while(1)
{
 IODIR1=0x00ff0000;
 IODIR0=0x300003c0;
 lcdcmd(0x38);
 lcdcmd(0x0e);
 lcdcmd(0x01);
 lcdcmd(0x06);
 lcdcmd(0x83);
 lcdcmd(0xC0);
IO0PIN=0x00000380;// First Scan Line(row status) if(( IO0PIN & 0x0000003c )!= 0x0000003c))////(row & column) {
switch(IO0PIN & 0x0000003c)
 {
case 0x00000038 : lcddata("C");break;
case 0x00000034 : lcddata("D");break;
case 0x0000002c : lcddata("E");break;
case 0x0000001c : lcddata("F");break;
 }
 }
 IO0PIN=0x00000340;// Second Scan Line(row status) if(( IO0PIN & 0x0000003c )!= 0x0000003c) )////(row & column) {
switch(IO0PIN & 0x0000003c)
 {
case 0x00000038 : lcddata("8");break;
case 0x00000034 : lcddata("9");break;
case 0x0000002c : lcddata("A");break;
case 0x0000001c : lcddata("B");break;
 }
 }
        IO0PIN=0x000002c0;// Third Scan Line(row) if(( IO0PIN & 0x0000003c )!= 0x0000003c)////(row & column {
switch(IO0PIN & 0x0000003c)
 {
case 0x00000038 : lcddata("4");break;
case 0x00000034 : lcddata("5");break;
case 0x0000002c : lcddata("6");break;
case 0x0000001c : lcddata("7");break;
 }
 }
 IO0PIN=0x000001c0; // Four Scan Line(row)  if(( IO0PIN & 0x0000003c )!= 0x0000003c)////(row & column) {
switch(IO0PIN & 0x0000003c)
 {
case 0x00000038 : lcddata("0");break;
case 0x00000034 : lcddata("1");break;
case 0x0000002c : lcddata("2");break;
case 0x0000001c : lcddata("3");break;
 }
 }
 delay_lcd();
}
}
void lcdcmd(unsigned int cmddata)
{
 IOCLR1=0x00ff0000;
 IOCLR0=0x10000000;
 cmddata=cmddata<<16;
 IOSET1=cmddata;
 IOSET0=0x20000000;
 delay_lcd();
 IOCLR0=0x20000000;
 delay_lcd();
return;
}
void lcddata(unsigned int outdata)
{
 IOCLR1=0x00ff0000;
 IOSET0=0x10000000;
 outdata=outdata<<16;
 IOSET1=outdata;
 IOSET0=0x20000000;
 delay_lcd();
 IOCLR0=0x20000000;
 delay_lcd();
return;
}
void delay_lcd(void)
{
int j;
for(j=0;j<10000;j++);
return;
}

GLCD

Simple LPC2148 GPIO Programming examples Using timers of LPC2148 to generate delay

Example-/* TOGGLE LEDS FROM P0.0 TO P0.15 WITH EXACT DELAY OF 3SEC */ Fosc=60 Mhz

#include<lpc21xx.h> 
void delay(void);
int main()
{ VPBDIV=0X02; //30MHZ// PINSEL0=0X00000000; IODIR0=0X0000FFFF; IOCLR0=0X0000FFFF;
while(1)
{
IOSET0=0X0000FFFF;
delay();
IOCLR0=0X0000FFFF;
delay();
}
}
void delay(void)
{
T0PR=29999;
T0MR0=3000;
T0TC=0x00000000;
T0TCR=0X01; //START TIMER// while(T0TC !=T0MR0); //1 SEC// T0TCR=0X02; //STOP TIMER/ }

Example:-/* TOGGLE LEDS FROM P0.0 TO P0.7 WITH EXACT DELAY OF 2 SEC BY USING T0MR3.TOGGLE LEDS FROM P0.15 TO P0.23 WITH EXACT DELAY OF 5 SEC BY USING T1MR2. */(Fosc=60Mhz)

#include<lpc21xx.h>
void delay1(void);
void delay2(void);
int main()
{
VPBDIV=0X02;//30MHZ//PINSEL0=0X00000000;
IODIR0=0X00FF00FF;
IOCLR0=0X00FF00FF;
while(1)
{IOSET0=0X00FF00FF;
delay1();
IOCLR0=0X00FF00FF;
delay2();
}
}
void delay1(void)
{
T0PR=29999;
T0MR3=2000;
T0TC=0x00000000;
T0TCR=0X01; //START TIMER//while(T0TC !=T0MR3); //2 SEC//T0TCR=0X02; //STOP TIMER/}
void delay2(void)
{
T1PR=29999;
T1MR2=5000;
T1TC=0x00000000;
T1TCR=0X01; //START TIMER//while(T1TC !=T1MR2); //5 SEC//T1TCR=0X02; //STOP TIMER//}

UART0

Features

• 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs
• Register locations conform to ‘550 industry standard.
• Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes.
• Built-in fractional baud rate generator with auto-bauding capabilities.
• Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation.

Pin description

Pin	Type	Description
RXD0	Input	Serial Input: Serial receive data.
TXD0	Output	Serial Output: Serial transmit data.

UART1

Features

• UART1 is identical to UART0, with the addition of a modem interface.
• 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs.
• Register locations conform to ‘550 industry standard.
• Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes.
• Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities.
• Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation.
• Standard modem interface signals included with flow control (auto-CTS/RTS) fully
• supported in hardware (LPC2144/6/8 only).

Pin description

Pin	Type	Description
RXD1	Input	Serial Input: Serial receive data.
TXD1	Output	Serial Output: Serial transmit data.
CTS1	Input	Clear To Send
DCD1	Input	Data Carrier Detect
DSR1	Input	Data Set Ready
DTR1	Output	Data Terminal Ready
RI1	Input	Ring Indicator
RTS1	Output	Request To Send

UART0

Block Diagram

UART Registers and Programming Steps for UART

U0FCR (FIFO Control Register)

• 8-BIT Byte Addressable register
• This reg is used to enable TX & RX FIFO functionalities
• U0FCR=0x07 is like SCON reg

U0FCR

FIFO Control Register

-

-

-

-

-

TX FIFO Reset

RX FIFO Reset

FIFO Enable

U0LCR (Line Control Register)

• 8-BIT byte addressable register

UART0 Line Control Register (U0LCR - address 0xE000 C00C) bit description
Bit	Symbol	Value	Description	Reset Value
1:0	Word Length Select	00	5 bit character length	0
		01	6 bit character length
		10	7 bit character length
		11	8 bit character length
2	Stop Bit Select	0	1 stop bit	0
		1	2 stop bits (1.5 if U0LCR[1:0]==00)
3	Parity Enable	0	Disable parity generation and checking	0
		1	Enable parity generation and checking
5:4	Parity Select	00	Odd parity. Number of 1s In the transmitted character and the attached parity bit will be odd.	0
		01	Even Parity. Number of is in the transmitted character and the attached parity bit will be even.
		10	Forced "1" stick parity.
		11	Forced "0" stick parity.
6	Break Control	0	Disable break transmission	0
		1	Enable break transmission. Output pin UARTO TXD Is forced to logic 0 when UOLCR[6] Is active high.
7	Divisor Latch Access Bit (DLAB)	0	Disable access to Divisor Latch	0
		1	Enable access to Divisor Latch

DLAB (Divisor Latch Buffer)

One high-low pulse across DLAB bit indicates baud rate is successfully loaded.

• DLAB=1  baud rate is loading
• DLAB=0  After loading baud rate DLAB must be zero.

Baud Rate
U0LCR=0x83 ;//8 bits character length,No parity,1 stop bit,9600 Baud rateU0LCR=0x03

U0LSR (Line Status Register)

• 8-bit byte addressable register
• Consists of different flag bits, TI interrupt & RI interrupt flag bit

UART0 Line Status Register
Bit	Symbol	Value	Description	Reset value
0	Receiver Data Ready (RDR)		U0LSR0 is set when the U0RBR holds an unread character and is cleared when the UART0 RBR FIFO is empty.	0
		0	U0RBR is empty.
		1	U0RBR contains valid data.
1	Overrun Error (OE)		The overrun error condition is set as soon as it occurs. An U0LSR read clears U0LSR1. U0LSR1 is set when UART0 RSR has a new character assembled and the UART0 RBR FIFO is full. In this case, the UART0 RBR FIFO will not be overwritten and the character in the UART0 RSR will be lost.	0
		0	Overrun error status is inactive.
		1	Overrun error status is active.
2	Parity Error		When the parity bit of a received character is in the wrong state, a parity error occurs. An U0LSR read clears U0LSR[2]. Time of parity error detection is dependent on U0FCR(0). Note: A parity error is associated with the character at the top of the UART0 RBR FIFO.	0
		0	Parity error status is Inactive.
3	Framing Error (FE)		When the stop bit of a received character is a logic 0. a framing error occurs. 0 An U0LSR read dears U0LSR[3]. The time of the framing error detection is dependent on U0FCR0. Upon detection of a framing error, the Rx will attempt to resynchronize to the data and assume that the bad stop bit is actually an early start bit. However, it cannot be assumed that the next received byte will be correct even if there is no Framing Error. Note: A framing error is associated with the character at the top of the UART0 RBR FIFO.	0
		0	Framing error status is inactive.
		1	Framing error status is active.
4	Break Interrupt (BI)		When RXD0 is held in the spacing state (all 0's) for one full character transmission (start, data, parity, stop), a break interrupt occurs. Once the break condition has been detected, the receiver goes idle until RXD0 goes to marking state (all 1s). An U0LSR read clears this status bit. The time of break detection is dependent on U0FCR(0). Note: The break interrupt is associated with the character at the top of the UART0 RBR FIFO.	0
		0	Break interrupt status is inactive.
		1	Break interrupt status is active.
5	Transmitter Holding Register Empty (THRE)		THRE is set immediately upon detection of an empty UART0 THR and is 1 cleared on a U0THR write.	1
		0	U0THR contains valid data.
		1	U0THR is empty.
6	Transmitter Empty (TEMT)		TEMT is set when both U0THR and U0TSR are empty; TEMT is cleared when either the U0TSR or the U0THR contain valid data.	1
		0	U0THR and/or the U0TSR contains valid data.
		1	U0THR and the U0TSR are empty.
7	Error in RX FIFO (RXFE)		UOLSR(7) is set when a character with a Rx error such as framing error, parity error or break interrupt, is loaded into the U0RBR. This bit is cleared when the U0LSR register is read and there are no subsequent errors in the UART0 FIFO.	0
		0	U0RBR contains no UART0 RX errors or U0FCR[0]=0.
		1	UART0 RBR contains at least one UART0 RX error.

6th bit of LSR is TI flag bit
While(!(U0LSR&0x40));//Monitoring TI bit syntax
0th bit of LSR is RI flag bit
While(!(U0LSR&0x10));//Monitoring RI bit syntax

DLR (Divisor Latch Register)

• DLR is 16-bit register
• Used to load baud rate
• As the baud rate is 8-bit value, divide DLR into two parts DLM & DLL (8-bit each)

For 9600 baud rate
U0DLL=0x63;     //(Pclk=12Mhz)
U0DLM=0x00

U0DLL:U0DLM=[Pclk/16*Desired Baud rate]

U0THR (Transmit Hold Register)

• 8-bit byte addressable reg
• Data can be loading to U0THR, whenever transmitting data

U0THR=‘A’   //THR buffer register is used only for transmitting

U0RBR (UART0 Receive Buffer Register)

• 8-bit byte addressable reg
• Data can be loading into U0RBR, whenever receiving data.

a = U0RBR   //RBR buffer register is used only for transmitting

Interfacing Diagram of LPC2148 with PC

Algorithm

1) Start
2) Initialise UART0 serial interface using following instruction

PINSEL0=0X0000 0005;//Enable P0.0-TxD0,P0.1-RxD0

U0LCR=0X83;  //8-BIT Character lenth,NO parity,1 stop bit, DLAB=1
U0DLL=97; //Baud rate=9600@PCLK=15Mhz
U0LCR=0X03;//DLAB=0
3) LPC2148 will receive characters transmitted by PC

4) LPC2148 will transmit the characters received back to PC

3) Transmit different AT commands through UART module using instruction
while(!(U0LSR&0X20));//Monitor TI flag

4) If transmission buffer is Empty,Transmit single character at a time 
U0THR=ch;

5) Provide delay while transmitting each command
6) To transmit a single character use PUTCH function & to transmit a string use PUTS function 
7) END

Embedded C program for Serial Transmission and Reception

#include<lpc21xx.h>   //Includes LPC2148 register definitions

void Uart0Init (void)      // Initialize Serial Interface       {                   
    PINSEL0 = 0x00000005;           //Enable RxD0 and TxD0                         U0LCR = 0x83;                   // 8 bits, no Parity, 1 Stop bit                U0DLL = 97;                     // 9600 Baud Rate @ 15MHz PCLK             U0LCR = 0x03;       // DLAB = 0  }
   
void Uart0PutCh (unsigned char ch)  // Write character to Serial Port   {                    
    U0THR = ch;
  while (!(U0LSR & 0x20));
}

void  Uart0PutS(unsigned char *str)  //A function to send a string on UART0{  
while(*str)
{  
     Uart0PutCh(*str++);     
}
}
unsigned char Uart0GetCh (void)  // Read character from Serial Port   {            
 while (!(U0LSR & 0x01));
 return (U0RBR);
}
int main()
{
unsigned char a;
Uart0Init();
while(1)
{
a=Uart0GetCh();
Uart0PutCh(a);
}
}